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Photosynthesis :                     Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar. It is the foundation of the food chain and the basis for all life on Earth.                     Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts are small organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs sunlight. When sunlight hits chlorophyll, it excites the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. These excited electrons then flow through a series of proteins called an electron transport chain. As the electrons flow through the electron transport chain, they release energy. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane. The hydrogen ions then flow back down the gradient, and this flow of ions generates ATP, the cell's main energy currency.                     The ATP is then used to power the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis. In the Calvin cycle,