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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis :                     Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar. It is the foundation of the food chain and the basis for all life on Earth.                     Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts are small organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs sunlight. When sunlight hits chlorophyll, it excites the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. These excited electrons then flow through a series of proteins called an electron transport chain. As the electrons flow through the electron transport chain, they release energy. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane. The hydrogen ions then flow back down the gradient, and this flow of ions generates ATP, the cell's main energy currency.                     The ATP is then used to power the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis. In the Calvin cycle,
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PHYSICIAL QUANTITIES

PHYSICIAL QUANTITIES :                                                                        A physical quantity is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a value, which is the algebraic multiplication of a ' Numerical value ' and a ' Unit '. For example, the physical quantity of mass can be quantified as '32.3 kg ', where '32.3' is the numerical value and 'kg' is the Unit. A physical quantity possesses at least two characteristics in common. Dimensions: A physical quantity has a certain number of dimensions, which are the basic units of measurement that are used to quantify it. For example, the dimensions of mass are length, mass, and time. Units: A physical quantity has a certain unit of measurement, which is a standard way of measuring it. For example, the unit of mass is the kilogram. Physical quantities can be classified into two types: Fundamental Quantities:  Fun
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Aerobic respiration :                     Aerobic respiration is a process that cells use to release energy from food in the presence of oxygen. It is the most common type of respiration in animals and plants.                     Aerobic respiration is a very efficient way to produce energy. It can produce up to 38 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose. This is much more than can be produced by anaerobic respiration, which only produces 2 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.                     Aerobic respiration is essential for the survival of most organisms. It provides the energy that cells need to carry out all of their functions, including growth, repair, and movement.                     There are a few things that can interfere with aerobic respiration. One is a lack of oxygen. If there is not enough oxygen available, the cells will switch to anaerobic respiration, which is less efficient. Another thing that can interfere with aerobic respiration is
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